October 2011. | [Hide] |
Occupy Wall Street
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 | This article documents a current event. Information may change rapidly as the event progresses. |
| Occupy Wall Street | |||||||||||
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| Part of the "Occupy" protests | |||||||||||
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| A poster created by Adbusters[1] promoting the start date of the occupation, September 17. | |||||||||||
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| Number | |||||||||||
| Zuccotti Park Several hundred "core" demonstrators[2] Other activity in NYC: | |||||||||||
| Arrests/Injuries | |||||||||||
| Arrests: 780+[3] | |||||||||||
The participants of the event, who have called themselves the "99 percenters",[10] are mainly protesting against social and economic inequality, corporate greed, and the influence of corporate money and lobbyists on government, among other concerns.[11][12][13] By October 9, similar demonstrations had been held or were ongoing in 70 major cities and more than 600 communities.[14]
Background
In mid-2011, the Canadian-based group Adbusters Media Foundation, best known for its advertisement-free anti-consumerist magazine called Adbusters, proposed a peaceful occupation of Wall Street to protest corporate influence on democracy, address a growing disparity in wealth, and the absence of legal repercussions behind the recent global financial crisis.[6] According to the senior editor of the magazine, “[they] basically floated the idea in mid-July into our [email list] and it was spontaneously taken up by all the people of the world, it just kind of snowballed from there.”[6] Adbusters promoted the protest with a poster featuring a dancer atop Wall Street's iconic Charging Bull.[15][16] Activists from Anonymous also encouraged its followers to take part in the protest which increased the attention it received calling protesters to "flood lower Manhattan, set up tents, kitchens, peaceful barricades and occupy Wall Street".[8][17][18][19] Adbusters stated that, "Beginning from one simple demand – a presidential commission to separate money from politics – we start setting the agenda for a new America."[20] Adbusters' Kalle Lasn when asked why it took three years after Lehman Brothers' implosion for people to storm the streets said:- "when the financial meltdown happened, there was a feeling that, 'Wow, things are going to change. Obama is going to pass all kinds of laws, and we are going to have a different kind of banking system, and we are going to take these financial fraudsters and bring them to justice.' There was a feeling like, 'Hey, we just elected a guy who may actually do this.' In a way, there wasn't this desperate edge. Among the young people there was a very positive feeling. And then slowly this feeling that he's a bit of a gutless wonder slowly crept in, and now we're despondent again."[21]
Prior to the protest's beginning on September 17, New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg said in a press conference, "People have a right to protest, and if they want to protest, we'll be happy to make sure they have locations to do it."[23]
It has been compared to "the movements that sprang up against corporate globalization at the end of 1990s, most visibly at the World Trade Organization summit in Seattle"[25] and also to the World Social Forum,[26] a series in opposition to the World Economic Forum, sharing similar origins.[27][28]
Demands and goals
Overview of goals
Public discussion over focus and lack of "official list of demands"
A "proposal" forum post on occupywallst.org[40] submitted by a single user was misreported as an official list of demands.[41] According to the admin-edited forum post, "[the] content was not published by the OccupyWallSt.org collective, nor was it ever proposed or agreed to on a consensus basis with the NYC General Assembly. There is NO official list of demands."[40]
The protest has been criticized for lack of focus and actionable agenda. In an article that was critical of the protesters, Ginia Bellafante wrote in The New York Times:
"The group’s lack of cohesion and its apparent wish to pantomime progressivism rather than practice it knowledgeably is unsettling in the face of the challenges so many of its generation face – finding work, repaying student loans, figuring out ways to finish college when money has run out."[42][43]Glenn Greenwald responded to this criticism, writing,
"Does anyone really not know what the basic message is of this protest: that Wall Street is oozing corruption and criminality and its unrestrained political power—in the form of crony capitalism and ownership of political institutions—is destroying financial security for everyone else?"[44]On October 8, the New York Times released an editorial statement, expressing their official stance on the demand debate:
- "It is not the job of the protesters to draft legislation. That’s the job of the nation’s leaders, and if they had been doing it all along there might not be a need for these marches and rallies. Because they have not, the public airing of grievances is a legitimate and important end in itself."[45]
- "The initial phase of the revolution, what we are seeing right now, is leaderless, and the protesters are not hopping into bed with any party, even the Democratic party...As the winter approaches, I think there will be different phases and ideas, possibly fragmentation into different agendas. I think crystal-clear demands will emanate... The messy, leaderless, demandless movement has launched a national conversation of the likes that we haven’t had in 20 years. That’s as good as it gets! Not every one needs to have a leader with clear demands. That’s the old way of launching revolutions. This revolution is run by the Internet generation, with egalitarian ways of looking at things, and an inclusive process of getting everyone involved. That’s the magic of it."[46]
Participants
Demographics
The protesters include persons of a variety of political orientations, including liberals,[47] political independents,[48] anarchists,[48] socialists,[47] libertarians,[47][48] conservatives,[47] and environmentalists.[49] At the protest's start, the majority of the demonstrators were young,[48][47][50] however, as the protest grew the age of the protesters has become more diverse, mostly related to the use of social networks.[51] Religious beliefs are diverse as well.[47] On October 10 the Associated Press reported that "there’s a diversity of age, gender and race" at the protest.[51]
Some news organizations have compared the protest to a left-leaning version of the Tea Party protests.[53] However, some left-leaning academics and activists expressed concern that it may become co-opted by the Democratic party.[54][55]
An October 13 survey by Time Magazine found that 54 percent of Americans have a favorable impression of the protests, while 23 percent have a negative impression. An NBC/Wall Street Journal survey found that 37 percent of respondents "tend to support" the movement, while only 18 percent "tend to oppose" it.[56]
Participant organization
While the organization calls itself leaderless, the protest in Zuccotti Park has discernable "organizers", according to analysis by Fordham University Sociologist Heather Gautney,[57] as well as "stations" that coordinate protest activities and functions (e.g., medical, food, legal, media, security), as well as organizational processes for decision making.[58]Organizational processes and infrastructure
New York City General Assembly
Meetings and internal communications
There are two "general assembly" meetings a day for administrative type announcements.Sound system
New York City requires a permit to use "amplified sound", including electric bullhorns. Since Occupy Wall Street does not have such a permit, the protesters created the "Human Microphone" in which a speaker pauses while the nearby members of the audience repeats the phrase (somewhat) in unison. The effect has been called "comic or exhilarating—often all at once." Some feel this provided a further unifying effect for the crowd.[60][61]Media center
According to the Columbia Journalism Review's New Frontier Database, the media team, while unofficial, runs websites like Occupytogether.org, video livestream, a "steady flow of updates on Twitter, Facebook, and Tumblr" as well as Skype sessions with other Occupy-themed protest sites such as in Scotland.[65]
Sanitation
Bloomberg News reported on October 10th that "[t]he ground is mostly free of litter" and committees had formed to handle sanitation and comfort issues.[68] As of October 11, the City had not received one complaint about sanitation at the park.[69]
Many protesters have taken to utilizing the bathrooms of nearby business establishments.[70] Supporters in New York have also donated use of their bathrooms for showers and the sanitary needs of protesters.[68]
The protesters have constructed a greywater treatment system to recycle dishwater contaminants.[71][72] The filtered water is used for the park's plants and flowers.
Sleeping arrangements
Somewhere between 100 and 200 people sleep in Zuccotti Park. Because tents are not allowed at Zucotti Park, the protesters that do decide to spend the night sleep in sleeping bags or under blankets. Some blankets and other supplies have been donated.[73]Fiscal impact
New York City Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly reported on October 7 that Occupy Wall Street has cost the Police Department $1.9 million in overtime.[74] As of October 12, the overtime cost has risen to $3.2 Million[75]Chronology of events
Main article: Timeline of Occupy Wall Street
Week 1 (September 17 – September 23)
On September 17, 1,000 protesters marched through the streets, with an estimated 100 to 200 staying overnight in cardboard boxes (tents being prohibited by the NYPD). By September 19, seven people had been arrested by the New York Police Department.[76][77]Week 2 (September 24 – September 30)
September 24 – Street marches, mesh nets, and first pepper-spraying incident
Videos which showed several penned-in female demonstrators being pepper-sprayed by a police official were widely disseminated, sparking controversy.[81] That police official, later identified as Deputy Inspector Anthony Bologna, was shown in other videos hitting a photographer with a burst of spray.[82] In the days that followed a lawsuit against Bologna alleging false arrest during the Republican National Convention in 2004 surfaced, and the activist group Anonymous posted details about his family online.[83]
Initially Police Commissioner Raymond W. Kelly and a representative for Bologna defended his actions, while decrying the disclosure of his personal information.[81][82] However, after growing public furor, Kelly announced that Internal Affairs and the Civilian Complaint Review Board were opening investigations.[81] Meanwhile, Manhattan District Attorney Cyrus Vance, Jr. started his own inquiry.[82]
Public attention to the pepper-sprayings resulted in a spike of news media coverage, a pattern that was to be repeated in the coming weeks following confrontations with police.[84] Clyde Haberman, writing in The New York Times, said that "If the Occupy Wall Street protesters ever choose to recognize a person who gave their cause its biggest boost, they may want to pay tribute to Anthony Bologna", calling the event "vital" for the still nascent movement.[85]
Week 3 (October 1 – October 7)
March on Brooklyn Bridge and mass arrests
On October 1, 2011, protesters set out to march across the Brooklyn Bridge. The New York Times reported that more than 700 arrests were made.[86] The police used ten buses to carry protesters off the bridge. Jesse A. Myerson, a media coordinator for Occupy Wall Street said, “The cops watched and did nothing, indeed, seemed to guide us onto the roadway.”[87] However, some statements by protesters supported descriptions of the event given by police: for example, one protester tweeted that "The police didn't lead us on to the bridge. They were backing the fuck up."[83] A spokesman for the New York Police Department, Paul Browne, said that protesters were given multiple warnings to stay on the sidewalk and not block the street, and were arrested when they refused.[3] By October 2, all but 20 of the arrestees had been released with citations for disorderly conduct and a criminal court summons.[88] The following day, drivers of the City Bus program sued the New York Police Department for "commandeering their buses" and forcing them to cart detained protesters.[89]October 5 – Rushing of barricades and second pepper-spraying incident
On October 5, joined by union members, students, and the unemployed, the demonstration swelled to the largest yet with an estimated 15,000 marchers joining the protest. Smaller protests continue in cities and on college campuses across the country.[90]Thousands of union workers joined protesters marching through the Financial District. The march was mostly peaceful – until after nightfall, when scuffles erupted. About 200 protesters tried to storm barricades blocking them from Wall Street and the Stock Exchange. Police responded with pepper spray and penned the protesters in with orange netting.[91] According to the NYPD, 28 people were arrested.
Week 4 (October 8 – October 14)
Protests spread worldwide
See also: List of 'Occupy' protest locations and 'Occupy' protests
Taking their cue from the Occupy Wall Street protests, as of October 9 other protestors made calls for global demonstrations on October 15 in cities in more than 78 countries.[92][93] Using Facebook and Meetup to coordinate the events, some pages show only a few dozen will attend while others have thousands. A group of protesters are organizing an occupation of the London Stock Exchange to bring attention to what they see as unethical behavior on the part of banks. One of the organizers of the protest said the protests are focused against "increasing social and economic injustice in this country". In his opinion, "Since the financial crisis the Government has made sure to maintain the status quo and let the people who caused this crisis get off scot-free, whilst conversely ensuring that the people of this country pay the price, in particular those most vulnerable."[94][95][96][97][98][99][100] A similar protest group inspired by Occupy Wall Street has formed in the UK under the name OccupyLSX.[101][102][103]The encampment was scheduled to be [104] cleaned by New York City's mayor Bloomberg and Zuccotti Park owner Brookfield Properties at 7am on the morning of Friday, October 14 (2011), but the cleaning attempt was withdrawn.[105]. 14 protesters were taken into custody.[106]
Responses and reception
Elected officials and political candidates
During an October 6 news conference, President Obama said "I think it expresses the frustrations the American people feel, that we had the biggest financial crisis since the Great Depression, huge collateral damage all throughout the country ... and yet you're still seeing some of the same folks who acted irresponsibly trying to fight efforts to crack down on the abusive practices that got us into this in the first place."[107][108][109] When Jake Tapper of ABC News pushed Obama to explain the fact that his administration hasn't prosecuted any Wall Street executives who didn't play by the rules, he replied, "One of the biggest problems about the collapse of Lehman's and the subsequent financial crisis and the whole subprime lending fiasco is that a lot of that stuff wasn't necessarily illegal; it was just immoral or inappropriate or reckless."[110][111]Vice President Joe Biden likened the protest to the Tea Party, saying, “What are the people up there on the other end of the political spectrum saying? The same thing: ‘Look guys, the bargain is not on the level anymore.’ In the minds of the vast majority of the American – the middle class is being screwed.”[112]
2012 Republican presidential candidate Herman Cain accused the movement of being "anti-capitalist" and argued "Don't blame Wall Street, don't blame the big banks, if you don't have a job and you're not rich, blame yourself!"[113] Republican Ron Paul came out to refute Cain by saying, "the system has been biased against the middle class and the poor...the people losing jobs, it wasn't their fault that we've followed a deeply flawed economic system."[114] In an interview with the Wall Street Journal, Cain also expressed his belief that Occupation Wall Street was “planned and orchestrated to distract from the failed policies of the Obama administration”, but admitted that he “[didn’t’] have facts” to back up his accusation.[115]
U.S. Congressman and 2012 Republican presidential candidate Ron Paul (R-TX) stated, "If they were demonstrating peacefully, and making a point, and arguing our case, and drawing attention to the Fed — I would say, 'good!'"[116]
2012 Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney called the protests "dangerous" and "class warfare".[117]
House Democratic Leader Rep. Nancy Pelosi, said she supports the growing nationwide Occupy Wall Street movement. Pelosi said she includes herself in the group of Americans dissatisfied with Congress.[118]
Independent Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont, who caucuses with the Democratic Party, appeared on Countdown with Keith Olbermann and supported the protests saying, “We desperately need a coming together of working people to stand up to Wall Street. We need to rebuild the middle-class in this country and you guys can’t have it all."[119]
House Majority Leader Eric Cantor (R-Va), in a speech to a Values Voter Summit, characterized the movement as “growing mobs” and suggested that President Barack Obama’s “failed policies” and rhetoric “condon[ing] the pitting of Americans against Americans” were to blame. In response, White House Press Secretary Jay Carney noted Cantor’s apparent “hypocrisy unbound”, pointing out the Majority Leader’s support of the Tea Party Protests and adding “I can't understand how one man's mob is another man's democracy. I think both are expressions that are totally consistent with the American democratic tradition."[120]
In an interview with The Washington Post, Former Democratic U.S. Senator Russ Feingold endorsed the movement on October 5 stating, "This is like the Tea Party – only it’s real...By the time this is over, it will make the Tea Party look like ... a tea party."[121]
2012 Republican presidential candidate Buddy Roemer expressed support for the movement.[122]
The Democratic co-chairs of the Congressional Progressive Caucus, Representatives Raúl Grijalva and Keith Ellison announced their solidarity with the movement on October 4.[123] The Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee is asking for 100,000 names on its website which will subsequently be added to 100,000 letters to Speaker of the House John Boehner and House Majority Leader Eric Cantor expressing support for the Occupy Wall Street protesters, the middle class, and condemnation of millionaires, big oil, and big bankers.[124]
New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg said that the protests "aren't productive" although he also expressed sympathy for some of their complaints.[125] On October 8th, during his weekly radio show, Bloomberg complained that the protestors are trying to "take the jobs from the people working in the city", and said that although "[t]here are some people with legitimate complaints, there are some people who just like to protest".[126]
Federal Reserve
During a hearing before the Joint Economic Committee October 4, 2011, Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke said, "People are quite unhappy with the state of the economy and what’s happening.... Certainly, 9 percent unemployment and very slow growth is not a good situation."[127] Dallas Federal Reserve President Richard W. Fisher said, "We have too many people out of work. We have a very uneven distribution of income. We have a very frustrated people, and I can understand their frustration."[128]Union support
Noting the growing union support, an article in the liberal Mother Jones magazine suggested the possibility that union support could splinter and derail the protests rather than sustain them because while unions are tightly organized, hierarchical, and run with a clear chain of command, Occupy Wall Street is the opposite in that they are "a horizontal, autonomous, leaderless, modified-consensus-based system with roots in anarchist thought". However, the article went on to suggest that joined together they could work to create a progressive movement that "effectively taps into the rising feeling among many Americans that economic opportunity has been squashed by corporate greed and the influence of the very rich in politics".[132]
Celebrity commentary
Educator and author Cornel West addressed the frustrations that some critics have expressed at the protest’s lack of a clear and unified message, saying, "It’s impossible to translate the issue of the greed of Wall Street into one demand, or two demands. We’re talking about a democratic awakening."[135]
Canadian writer Naomi Klein supported the protest, saying, "This is not the time to be looking for ways to dismiss a nascent movement against the power of capital, but to do the opposite: to find ways to embrace it, support it and help it grow into its enormous potential. With so much at stake, cynicism is a luxury we simply cannot afford."[136]
Author and economics professor, Ravi Batra, wrote an article in Truthout in support of the OWS movement. Batra argues that legislative changes since the Reagan Presidency, with regard e.g. to taxes, benefits, mergers & acquisitions, have contributed greatly to increase the inequalities and economic problems in the USA. He suggests the OWS movement push for their repeal.[137] Ravi Batra has special relevance to the OWS movement as the intellectual who popularised the concept "share of wealth held by richest 1%", as an indicator of inequality and an important determinant of depressions, in his best-selling books in the 1980s.[138][139] In 2007, he wrote a book titled "The Golden New Age: the coming revolution against political corruption and economic chaos".[140]
Filmmaker Michael Moore spoke against Wall Street, saying, "They have tried to take our democracy and turn it into a kleptocracy."[141][142] Rapper Lupe Fiasco, one of the initial supporters of Occupy Wall Street, wrote a poem, "Moneyman", for the protest.[143][144] Susan Sarandon spoke at the demonstration saying, "I came down here to educate myself.... There's a huge void between the rich and the poor in this country."[145] Actor and activist Mark Ruffalo has supported the Occupy Wall Street protest saying, "Peaceful Resistance. That is what changes the world. We must be peaceful. This movement is about decency."[146][147]
Conservative radio talk show hosts have commented on the movement. Rush Limbaugh told his listening audience on his October 5th show that: "When I was 10 years old I was more self-sufficient than this parade of human debris calling itself Occupy Wall Street."[148] Glenn Beck said, "Capitalists, if you think that you can play footsies with these people, you are wrong. They will come for you and drag you into the streets and kill you. They will do it. They’re not messing around".[149]
On 9 October, Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Žižek gave a speech on Wall Street in which he expressed support for the protests and criticized the capitalist system and the corporations saying that, "They tell you we are dreamers. The true dreamers are those who think things can go on indefinitely the way they are. We are not dreamers. We are awakening from a dream which is turning into a nightmare. We are not destroying anything. We are only witnessing how the system is destroying itself", but also warned that they must not forget why they're there or else the protest might lose its meaning.[150][151][152]
Remy Munasifi wrote and sang a song, in the style of Bob Dylan, called "Occupy Wall Street Protest Song," which criticized the protestors for not understanding how well off they are.[153][154]
Other celebrities lending their support include Anti-Flag,[155] Margaret Atwood, Alec Baldwin, Immortal Technique, John Carlos,[156] Noam Chomsky, David Graeber,[157] Chris Hedges,[158] Stéphane Hessel,[159] Paul Krugman,[160] Radiohead,[161] Salman Rushdie,[162] George Soros,[163]; Richard D. Wolff.[164];Kanye West[165], Russell Simmons [166] Joseph Stiglitz, and Jeff Madrick[167]
Foreign political responses
Canada
Finance Minister Jim Flaherty expressed sympathy with the protests, citing high unemployment amongst the youth.[168]
China
The Chinese state news agency Xinhua said the protests had exposed "fundamental problems" with the US economic and political systems, and that it showed "a clear need for Washington, which habitually rushes to demand other governments to change when there are popular protests in their countries, to put its own house in order."[169]
Greece
Prime Minister George Papandreou supported the U.S. protests saying, "We fight for changing the global economic system, like many anti-Wall Street citizens who rightly protest against the inequalities and injustices of the system."[170]
Iran
Ayatollah Ali Khamenei commented that the protests are because a "corrupt foundation has been exposed to the American people." [171]
North Korea
The Korean Central News Agency of DPRK commented that the Occupy Wall Street movement were "in protest against exploitation and oppression by capital, shaking all fabrics of society."[172][173]
Poland
Lech Wałęsa, former president of Poland and cofounder of the Polish Solidarity Movement has expressed his support for Occupy Wall Street and is considering a visit to the site. [174]
Russia
Former Premier Mikhail Gorbachev compared it the perestroika period and collapse of a superpower, calling the protests justified. He said Americans should put their own house in order before attempting to do such with other countries.[175]
Venezuela
Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez condemned the "horrible repression" of the Occupy Wall Street activists and expressed solidarity with the movement.[176]Local residents
According to one source, local residents of the area surrounding Zucotti Park have voiced various complaints about the demonstrations. One caller to a radio show complained that the park has been rendered "unusable" by the protestors, and that "a general atmosphere of incivility", together with loud shouting and drums, prevailed; another complained that the drums from the protest, which he said "start in the morning" and get louder in the evening until 11:30pm, made it difficult for his children to sleep or do their homework. One resident complained that protestors had been vandalizing and urinating in the vestibule to his apartment building. [126] Responding to the caller who complained about the noise and incivility, Mayor Michael Bloomberg said "we couldn't agree more".[126]Media coverage
The protests began on Saturday, September 17. The following Wednesday, The New York Observer reported on the nascent protests in Zuccotti Park.[178][179] On Friday, September 23, Ginia Bellafante panned the movement in The New York Times.[180] Five days into the protest, Keith Olbermann criticized the media for failing to cover the protests.[181][182] Joanna Weiss of The Boston Globe found it difficult to take the protests seriously, criticizing Occupy Wall Street for its "circus" atmosphere."[183] In a September 27 article, Lauren Ellis of Mother Jones magazine criticized the movement's lack of a clear message.[184]
Media theorist Douglas Rushkoff criticized the mainstream media for dismissing the protesters. "Anyone who says he has no idea what these folks are protesting is not being truthful. Whether we agree with them or not, we all know what they are upset about, and we all know that there are investment bankers working on Wall Street getting richer while things for most of the rest of us are getting tougher."[185] Rushkoff says that Occupy Wall Street is the first true Internet-era movement, and as such, it does not have a charismatic leader or particular endpoint. Unlike a traditional protest which identifies the enemy and fights for a particular solution, Rushkoff concludes that the protest is less about victory than sustainability, inclusion and consensus.[185]
Appearing on CBS's The Early Show, Michael Daly, of Newsweek and The Daily Beast characterized the position of the protestors as a "feeling that there is just a fundamental unfairness. From their point of view, the very people who almost wrecked the U.S. economy on Wall Street continue to get wealthy while working people are struggling to pay their bills. I mean, it comes down to that."[186] By October 4, economist Richard Wolff commented that the unclear shape of the movement is "mostly irrelevant" at this early stage and the priority should be to invite all interested parties.[187] Kalle Lasn, co-founder of Adbusters, believed that the protests had gone mainstream and expressed the opinion that "it's become kind of a political left movement in the U.S., hopefully to rival the Tea Party".[188]
On October 11, Katrina vanden Heuvel, who writes a weekly column for The Post and is the editor and publisher of The Nation, said that many if not most of the protesters are wary about embracing the progressive establishment and have concerns about being co-opted. However, she went on to say that, "most understand that the main task ahead is growing the movement, and that may mean going to where the injustice is — to where people are being evicted from foreclosed homes or losing jobs". Pointing to recent legislation, she suggests that the movement has already influenced public dialogue.[189]
In an editorial titled "The 10 Richest Celebrities Supporting Occupy Wall Street," Celebrity Net Worth wrote, "Occupy Wall Street's slogan 'We are the 99%' is derived from the idea that they represent the difference in wealth that separates the top 1% and every other American citizen... So why are multi-millionaire celebrities showing up to offer their support and grab attention? And why is Occupy Wall Street taking them seriously?" [190]
See also
- 1971 May Day Protests
- Corruption Perceptions Index
- Grassroots movement
- Income inequality in the United States
- Income tax rates in the United States (1913–2010)
- Occupy Portland
- Occupy Seattle
- Plutocracy
- Tea Party protests
- Timeline of Occupy Wall Street
- Wealth inequality in the United States
- We are the 99%
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